![]() Alanay Y, Erguner B, Utine E, Hacariz O, Kiper PO, Taskiran EZ, Percin F, UzĮ, Sagiroglu MS, Yuksel B, Boduroglu K, Akarsu NA. ![]() The imbalance of calcium ions disrupts development of the brain and structures in the head, face, and torso, resulting in the features of cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia. Without this protein, TMCO1 channels cannot form, and excess calcium builds up in the endoplasmic reticulum. TMCO1 gene mutations result in a shortage of TMCO1 proteins. The proper balance of calcium ions in cells and cell compartments is important for the development and function of various tissues and organs. Calcium acts as a signal for many cellular functions including control of cell growth and division and gene activity. When there is too much calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum, four TMCO1 proteins come together to form a channel that releases the excess calcium into the surrounding fluid inside the cell ( cytoplasm ). The protein is found in the membrane of a cell structure called the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a storage center for calcium ions. This gene provides instructions for making a protein that forms specialized structures called channels through which positively charged calcium atoms (calcium ions) flow. Affected individuals may also have bone or joint abnormalities in other parts of the body.Ĭerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia is caused by mutations in a gene called TMCO1. Heart defects, digestive problems, or genitourinary problems (such as abnormal kidneys or reproductive organs) can also occur. Additionally, the shoulder blades can be affected in people with this condition.Ī wide variety of other features can occur in cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia, such as abnormalities involving the eyes, skin, or hair. Many people with cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia have abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine ( scoliosis ) due to malformation of the vertebrae some vertebrae may also be fused. Problems with bone development in the torso (thorax) commonly leads to bone abnormalities such as two or more ribs that are joined together (fused) or ribs that are abnormally shaped with two prongs at one end (bifid ribs). Some affected individuals have overgrowth of the gums ( gingival hyperplasia ), an opening in the roof of the mouth ( cleft palate ), or a split in the upper lip ( cleft lip ). People with cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia can have behavioral problems, such as anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, or self-injuring behavior however, many people with the condition are described as friendly and good-natured.ĭistinctive facial features common in cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia include a wide, short skull ( brachycephaly ) highly arched eyebrows or eyebrows that grow together in the middle ( synophrys ) widely spaced eyes ( hypertelorism ) a wide nasal bridge low-set ears an upper lip with pronounced curves ( Cupid's bow upper lip ) and small teeth ( microdontia ). Weak muscle tone (hypotonia) and difficulty feeding occur in some affected infants. ![]() Nearly one-quarter of affected individuals never learn to speak and almost half are unable to walk. In addition to intellectual disability, individuals with cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia have delayed development of speech and movement (motor) skills, and in some, these skills never develop. The problems with development lead to the key features of cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia, which include severe intellectual disability, distinctive facial features, and abnormalities of the ribs and spinal bones ( vertebrae ). ![]() Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia is a rare condition characterized by abnormal development (dysplasia) of the brain (cerebro) and structures in the face (facio) and torso (thoracic).
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